馬纓丹（學名：Lantana camara）

別稱五色梅、七色梅、五龍蘭、如意草、五彩花、臭草、臭金鳳、五雷丹、五色繡球、變色草等，客家人稱之為綿鼻公花。原本主要分布於南美洲、西印度，馬纓丹屬（Lantana）常綠灌木。一般花期大約是在4月中、下旬到隔年的2月中旬左右，不過也因氣候與溫度的影響，幾乎整年都能看到開花，可說是常盛的植物。一叢花序之中常會有多色的變化，所以別名也稱為五色梅、五彩花；同時枝葉含有特別的刺激氣味，所以馬纓丹也有臭草、臭金鳳等別名。在台灣大約於1645年由荷蘭人引入，因繁殖力強，目前為台灣平地野外普遍可見的外來種。

 

形態 :

馬纓丹屬於蔓狀的常綠灌木，整株都有著短短的粗短的軟毛，小莖呈稜角狀，稱為小枝方形，在稜角上有小倒鉤。葉對生，葉片擴卵狀先端尖銳，葉面較粗糙葉緣呈鈍鋸齒狀，網狀葉脈明顯。花期很長，甚至在台灣屏東縣的恆春半島整年都能看見馬纓丹開花。主花梗較長，花蜜豐富，開花型態為頭狀花序或繖房花序，看起來有點像小型的繡球花。

花萼的下方有線狀披針形的苞片，花色大多為橙色、紅色、黃色、白色、紫色以及粉紅等，另外也有混色的花朵，依照種植環境不同以及陽光照射程度因素，有些花初開花時呈黃色，成花後會變化為橙色，或橙色變紅色，白色變粉紅等，甚至還有些花的花序外圍與中央花序的顏色不同，所以也有人稱之為變色草或五色繡球。

花落之後會結綠色的核果，成熟後的果實呈黑紫色，果實與莖葉都含有毒性。由於花很容易開，所以結成果實的量也相當多，傳播性很強。一旦有適合的環境就很容易成長，枝條橫生呈塊狀擴展，馬纓丹的周圍常常都沒有其他植物，排他性非常強烈。也由於莖上長有倒刺，一般動物也難以直接踐踏走過，所以年年擴充地盤成長也很快速，是種相當強勢的侵略性植物。由於極其粗生，無論雨水充足，抑或乾旱地區，都見其影蹤，甚至趕絕原生草木，被列為世界百大外來入侵種。

 

Lantana (scientific name: Lantana camara)

It is also known as five-color plum, seven-color plum, five-color orchid, wishful grass, five-color flower, smelly grass, smelly golden phoenix, five-color hydrangea, five-color hydrangea, color-changing grass, etc. Hakka people call it the Mianbi male flower. Originally mainly distributed in South America and West India, it is an evergreen shrub of the genus Lantana. Generally, the flowering period is from mid-to-late April to mid-February of the following year. However, due to the influence of climate and temperature, it can be seen blooming almost all year round, so it can be said that it is a plant that is always in bloom. There are often multi-color changes in a cluster of inflorescences, so it is also known as five-color plum and colorful flower. At the same time, the branches and leaves contain a special pungent smell, so lantana is also known as smelly grass, smelly golden phoenix and other nicknames. It was introduced to Taiwan by the Dutch around 1645. Due to its strong reproductive capacity, it is now an exotic species commonly seen in the wild in Taiwan’s plains.

 

Form:

Lantana is a vine-shaped evergreen shrub. The entire plant has short, stubby soft hairs. The small stems are angular, called square branchlets, and have small barbs on the edges and corners. The leaves are opposite, with an expanded oval shape and a sharp apex. The leaf surface is rough, the edges are bluntly serrated, and the network veins are obvious. The flowering period is very long, and you can even see lantana blooming all year round in the Hengchun Peninsula in Pingtung County, Taiwan. The main pedicel is long and nectar-rich. The flowering pattern is in the form of flower heads or corymbs, which look a bit like small hydrangeas.

There are linear lanceolate bracts below the calyx, and the flower colors are mostly orange, red, yellow, white, purple, and pink. There are also flowers of mixed colors. Depending on the planting environment and the degree of sunlight, some flowers appear to be green when they first bloom. Yellow, after flowering, it will change to orange, or orange to red, white to pink, etc. There are even some flowers with different colors on the periphery of the inflorescence and the central inflorescence, so some people call it color changing grass or five-color hydrangea.

After the flowers fall, green drupes will form. The mature fruits will be black and purple, and the fruits, stems and leaves are toxic. Because the flowers bloom easily, the amount of fruits produced is also quite large, and the spread is very strong. Once there is a suitable environment, it is easy to grow. The branches spread horizontally and in blocks. There are often no other plants around Lantana, and it is very exclusive. Also because there are barbs on the stems, it is difficult for animals to trample directly, so it expands its territory every year and grows very quickly. It is a quite powerful and aggressive plant. Due to its extremely rough growth, it can be seen in areas with abundant rainfall or in dry areas, and even drives out native vegetation. It is listed as one of the top 100 invasive alien species in the world.

 

引用資料 : https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%BA%93%E4%B8%B9

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